Published on April 15, 2024

Industry consolidation has become commonplace over the past few decades, making scale a critical factor when we evaluate which companies are best positioned to compete.

Winner Takes Most

A Look Back: An Evolved Approach in the Face of Seismic Shifts

Over the past 41 years, we have endeavored to manage our Core Equity allocation in a consistent and disciplined manner, yet the client portfolios we manage today look very different from those of decades earlier. We have always been flexible and agnostic regarding the market cap of our holdings, focusing instead on trying to find high quality, growing companies that we could buy at attractive prices, often because they were misunderstood by other investors or because they suffered what we believed to be a temporary setback. During the first half of our existence, client portfolios clearly had a mid cap bias because that was where we could find high quality, growing companies at discounted values. But starting roughly 20-25 years ago, client portfolios took on a decided tilt towards large caps. Why this happened is the subject of this quarter’s outlook.

Simply put, the U.S. economy has evolved over the last several decades. Industries have consolidated, and the leading, dominant companies in most industries have consistently outgrown their competitors, gaining market share and growing in size.

When analyzing companies for potential inclusion in a portfolio, we look for durable competitive advantages. This can arise from multiple sources, such as regulatory hurdles or better technology. Increasingly, scale economies have become a critical competitive advantage. Scale can have many important benefits for a company, from lower cost operations to greater negotiating power with suppliers to lower cost of capital. Often, this scale is achieved through acquisitions and the consolidation of an industry, but in many cases scale is achieved organically. To the extent that scale is a key competitive advantage, we are increasingly focused on larger, more dominant companies, hence the shift higher in our average market cap.

Multi-Decade Run of Increased Corporate Scale

The trend towards increased scale is a feature of the U.S. economy that we have noted before based on our own observations of industries, making the economic landscape of today look very different from what we observed 41 years ago when Osterweis was founded. Whether it was railroads, retail, municipal solid waste, fixed and wireless networks, outdoor advertising, trucking, health care services, banking, or technology, industries seemed to go from relatively fragmented to highly consolidated.

Hard data support our observation. A study published by NYU notes that “more than 75% of U.S. industries have experienced an increase in concentration levels over the last two decades … and the average increase in concentration levels has reached 90%.”1

We believe there are at least three key drivers of increasing industry consolidation:

  1. Deregulation of key sectors starting in the late 1970s: Perhaps surprising to some, President Carter ushered in a multi-decade deregulatory phase across many industries (Airline Deregulation Act, Motor Carrier Act, Staggers Rail Act, Telecommunications Act), and subsequent administrations enacted further sweeping deregulation of energy, banking, and communications.
  2. Emergence of network-driven technology businesses: The rise of online search, social media, software, and other network-driven technology businesses has meant that single players often emerge as winners of entire industries, as network effects (a phrase we learned just 25 years ago) can dictate that the largest network offers the greatest value to each user; tying in unrelated services (e.g., free video streaming offered by telecom networks or retailers) helps further lock in customers, giving rise to the “winner takes all” or “winner takes most” phenomenon in industry after industry.
  3. Ultra-low rates post-Great Financial Crisis: Low interest rates significantly reduced the cost of capital and encouraged a nearly 15-year run of mergers and acquisitions with ultra-cheap money.

Impact of Industry Consolidation: Not Always What it Seems

The emergence of large, dominant players across key sectors of the economy may prompt one to think the result is uniform: higher pricing, increased profit margins, and worse service for customers. However, the reality is much more nuanced in our experience.

There are certainly examples of highly consolidated industries where pricing has increased, raising the ire of customers. Consider the industry for aftermarket aerospace replacement parts. One company in particular — TransDigm — has grown through serial acquisitions since its founding in 1993. Roughly 90% of its products are proprietary, meaning TransDigm is the sole supplier of that part. Not surprisingly, the company has a long history of rampantly raising price, resulting in extraordinary gross profit margins of nearly 60%. This level of seemingly monopolistic pricing makes us nervous — an unhappy customer is never an outcome we welcome because it calls into question the sustainability of price increases. The U.S. government is a key customer of TransDigm, and Congress has repeatedly accused the company of price gouging. As a result, we have avoided investing in TransDigm despite the extraordinary returns, because we worry about regulatory risk.

Meanwhile, large players like Alphabet, Microsoft, and Amazon, which are under intense antitrust scrutiny both in the U.S. and abroad, receive prolific media coverage. We certainly do not ignore the antitrust risks for these companies but take a more discerning view.

Take Alphabet for example. The company is the dominant global player in online search advertising, video streaming, mobile operating systems, and a strong #3 in cloud computing. Scale is important across Alphabet because the larger the business is, the more data it can harvest to optimize targeting and deliver better, more relevant results. One might expect the company to be gouging customers. However, the company’s Google advertising unit reported price increases of just 0-1% in 2023, despite rampant inflation across the global economy. And the cost of online advertising is a tiny fraction of traditional advertising — as much as 98% cheaper. Thus, Alphabet plays an important role in reducing price in the advertising world. Of equal importance, digital advertising offers far superior return on investment versus traditional advertising. And users of the company’s products, from Gmail to Search to YouTube to Android, enjoy these services at no direct financial cost. Meanwhile, as the #3 player in cloud services, Alphabet is aggressively competing on price and eliminating fees.

It is worth noting that Interbrand’s widely followed annual list of Best Global Brands includes Apple, Alphabet, Microsoft, and Amazon in the top five, reflecting consumers’ deep appreciation of these dominant companies and the products and services they offer.

Is Regulation a Risk? It Depends

The Department of Justice (DoJ) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) have taken much more forceful action in recent years to rein in dominant market power. President Biden has also issued an Executive Order on Competition designed to promote competitive intensity in the corporate sector. The scrutiny spans a broad array of industries: banking, grocery, retail, airlines, health care, and many others. Big tech firms, in particular, have been under the spotlight, as regulators have brought monopolization lawsuits against Apple, Alphabet, Meta, and Amazon.

Our view is that it will be increasingly difficult for large companies to consolidate and acquire smaller competitors, as there is bipartisan support for challenging the increased industry consolidation that has taken place across the U.S. economy. Large technology companies may also have to modify certain practices like bundling products or self-preferencing. Lastly, we believe significant but manageable financial fines will become the cost of doing business for these dominant companies.

However, we think two factors limit the likelihood of U.S. regulators toppling or dismantling large domestic companies: 1) Regulators will have trouble proving many of these companies are harming customers under current antitrust law, and 2) the escalating trade war with China reduces the likelihood that domestic regulators impair U.S. competitors.

Antitrust law and precedents over the past 40+ years have focused enforcement on consumer welfare through the lens of pricing: excess pricing, price fixing, or other price manipulation. In other words, if regulators could prove that companies’ pricing behavior as a result of market dominance harmed customers, such behavior was viewed as anti-competitive. For example, ADM, the agricultural juggernaut, was brought to heel in the late 1990s for price fixing, and top executives were sent to prison.

However, the most dominant companies in our portfolio can hardly be accused of price gouging to hurt consumers. In fact, companies like Amazon and Target are constantly lowering prices for consumers, while companies like Alphabet offer a plethora of free services to customers. Admittedly, regulators like the FTC are considering other novel theories of harm to pursue antitrust enforcement — namely industry structure and anticompetitive practice. But precedents over the past 40+ years make this legal argument somewhat tenuous in our view, and we believe that price impacts are much easier to quantify and measure than industry structure and business practices.

We think the escalating trade war with China makes regulation even less likely. As part of the trade war, the U.S. government is aggressively supporting many domestic companies and industries. For example, the CHIPS and Science Act provides hundreds of billions of dollars of funding for key domestic sectors, including technology and health care. And there is bipartisan support to control or even seize TikTok, the widely loved Chinese social media company.

Given this set of facts, and the reality that many of the most dominant U.S. players are widely admired by customers — often for lowering price — we find it unlikely that U.S. regulators will take dramatic action.

Where to From Here?

Owning companies with nearly insurmountable scale advantages is a core element of our Quality Growth approach to investing. Scale helps create a wide competitive moat and often enables significant cost advantages that can be passed on to consumers and partners.

There are certainly scale players that worry us — those that use their market dominance to exercise abusive pricing, sometimes even while delivering subpar products or services. This type of behavior can elicit government intervention as angry customers complain, and it can also foster new competition that offers alternative products or services that can erode the dominant player’s competitive advantage. We seek to avoid these situations, regardless of a company’s current scale advantage.

We never ignore antitrust concerns for the companies we own, and we remain vigilant about new legal theories that can be used by regulatory authorities to undermine a company’s dominance. However, we believe that as long as a company is providing critical goods or services and regularly pleasing customers and partners through lower prices and higher quality, regulators will have a tough time dramatically impairing these companies’ business models.

Consistent Strategy Adaptable to the Future

Our approach to investing has consistently been built around seeking high quality businesses at attractive valuations. As the U.S. economy has evolved, the types of companies that fit into this framework have shifted. With consolidation of industry after industry, scale advantages have become a critical differentiator for many companies, meaning often the largest and most dominant companies have the greatest advantages. As a result, client portfolios have shifted from a mid cap bent towards large caps and even mega caps. While the next 40 years will inevitably see other major shifts, we believe buying high quality businesses at attractive valuations will endure as a successful strategy to grow and protect client portfolios. We thank you for your continued confidence in our management.

1William A. Niskanen, Cato Institute, “The Clinton Legacy,” Summer 2001

John Osterweis

Founder, Chairman & Co-Chief Investment Officer – Core Equity

Gregory Hermanski

Co-Chief Investment Officer – Core Equity

Nael Fakhry

Co-Chief Investment Officer – Core Equity

Featuring

John Osterweis

Founder, Chairman & Co-Chief Investment Officer – Core Equity

John Osterweis

John Osterweis

Founder, Chairman & Co-Chief Investment Officer – Core Equity

After graduating from business school, John Osterweis served as a Senior Analyst concentrating on the forest products and paper industry for several regional brokerage firms and later for E.F. Hutton & Company, Inc. In addition to his activities as an analyst, Mr. Osterweis served as Director of Research for two firms and managed equity portfolios for over ten years.

In late 1982, Mr. Osterweis decided to devote himself full time to his portfolio management activities, and in April of 1983 launched Osterweis Capital Management. Mr. Osterweis has served as Director of the Lucas Museum of Narrative Art, Director on the Stanford Alumni Association Executive Board, Trustee of Bowdoin College, Director and Vice Chairman of Mt. Zion Hospital and Medical Center, and President of the Board of Directors for Summer Search Foundation. He currently serves as a Trustee of the San Francisco Ballet Association, Director of the San Francisco Free Clinic, and President Emeritus of the San Francisco Ballet Endowment Foundation, as well as Trustee Emeritus of Summer Search Foundation and of Bowdoin College.

He is a member of the firm’s Management Committee, a principal of the firm, and a co-lead Portfolio Manager for the core equity, growth & income, and flexible balanced strategies.

Mr. Osterweis graduated from Bowdoin College (B.A. in Philosophy, cum laude), and Stanford Graduate School of Business (M.B.A. with top honors in Finance).

Gregory Hermanski

Co-Chief Investment Officer – Core Equity

Gregory Hermanski

Co-Chief Investment Officer – Core Equity

Prior to joining Osterweis Capital Management in 2002, Greg Hermanski was a Vice President at Robertson Stephens and Co. where he was in charge of convertible bond research. Prior to that, Mr. Hermanski was a Research Analyst covering convertible, high yield, and distressed securities at Imperial Capital, LLC, and a Valuation Consultant for Price Waterhouse, LLC.

He is a principal of the firm and Co-Lead Portfolio Manager for the core equity, growth & income, quality cyclical growth, and flexible balanced strategies.

Mr. Hermanski graduated from the University of California, Los Angeles (B.A. in Business/Economics).

Nael Fakhry

Co-Chief Investment Officer – Core Equity

Nael Fakhry

Co-Chief Investment Officer – Core Equity

Prior to joining Osterweis Capital Management in 2011, Nael Fakhry worked as an Associate at American Securities, a private equity firm, and as an Analyst in the investment banking division of Morgan Stanley.

He is a principal of the firm and Co-Lead Portfolio Manager for the core equity, growth & income, quality cyclical growth, and flexible balanced strategies.

Mr. Fakhry graduated from Stanford University (B.A. in History, Phi Beta Kappa) and the University of California Berkeley, Walter A. Haas School of Business (M.B.A., C.J. White Scholar).

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Osterweis Fund Quarter-End Performance (as of 9/30/24)

Fund 1 MO QTD YTD 1 YR 3 YR 5 YR 7 YR 10 YR 15 YR 20 YR INCEP
(10/1/1993)
OSTFX 0.94% 3.42% 14.13% 29.67% 5.81% 11.46% 10.94% 8.55% 9.93% 8.40% 10.38%
S&P 500 Index 2.14 5.89 22.08 36.35 11.91 15.98 14.50 13.38 14.15 10.71 10.58
Swipe Table for Full Data

Gross expense ratio as of 3/31/24: 0.96%

Performance data quoted represent past performance; past performance does not guarantee future results. The investment return and principal value of an investment will fluctuate so that an investor’s shares, when redeemed, may be worth more or less than their original cost. Current performance of the Fund may be higher or lower than the performance quoted. Performance data current to the most recent month end may be obtained by calling shareholder services toll free at (866) 236-0050.


Rates of return for periods greater than one year are annualized.

Where applicable, charts illustrating the performance of a hypothetical $10,000 investment made at a Fund’s inception assume the reinvestment of dividends and capital gains, but do not reflect the effect of any applicable sales charge or redemption fees. Such charts do not imply any future performance. During the period noted, fee waivers or expense reimbursements were in effect for the Osterweis Fund.

The S&P 500 Index is an unmanaged index that is widely regarded as the standard for measuring large cap U.S. stock market performance. The index does not incur expenses, is not available for investment, and includes the reinvestment of dividends.

References to specific companies, market sectors, or investment themes herein do not constitute recommendations to buy or sell any particular securities.

There can be no assurance that any specific security, strategy, or product referenced directly or indirectly in this commentary will be profitable in the future or suitable for your financial circumstances. Due to various factors, including changes to market conditions and/or applicable laws, this content may no longer reflect our current advice or opinion. You should not assume any discussion or information contained herein serves as the receipt of, or as a substitute for, personalized investment advice from Osterweis Capital Management.

Complete holdings of all Osterweis mutual funds (“Funds”) are generally available ten business days following quarter end. Holdings and sector allocations may change at any time due to ongoing portfolio management. Fund holdings as of the most recent quarter end are available here: Osterweis Fund

As of 3/31/24 the Osterweis Fund held positions in Alphabet, Amazon, Microsoft, and Target. The fund did not hold positions in TransDigm, Apple, Meta, ADM, or TikTok.

The Osterweis Funds are available by prospectus only. The Funds’ investment objectives, risks, charges and expenses must be considered carefully before investing. The summary and statutory prospectuses contain this and other important information about the Funds. You may obtain a summary or statutory prospectus by calling toll free at (866) 236-0050, or by visiting www.osterweis.com/statpro. Please read the prospectus carefully before investing to ensure the Fund is appropriate for your goals and risk tolerance.

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Osterweis Capital Management is the adviser to the Osterweis Funds, which are distributed by Quasar Distributors, LLC. [OCMI-526020-2024-04-10]